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Technology & Economics -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Ralph Landau: Engineer, Entrepreneur, Scholar -- How Competitiveness Can Be Achieved: Fostering Economic Growth and Productivity -- THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN GROWTH -- GROWTH IN THE UNITED STATES VERSUS JAPAN -- THE JORGENSON ANALYSIS OF THE SOURCES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH -- RECENT NEW RESEARCH IN GROWTH ECONOMICS OF INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES -- THE LEGAL CLIMATE -- PHYSICAL CAPITAL FORMATION -- R&D AND EDUCATION -- MICROECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS -- WHAT SHOULD BE THE NATIONAL GOAL -- HOW GROWTH RATES CAN BE INCREASED TO MEET THE NATIONAL GOAL -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Capital Formation and Economic Growth -- TESTING OF HYPOTHESES -- ACCOUNTING FOR GROWTH -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Investing in Productivity Growth -- REFERENCES -- Technology and the Cost of Equity Capital -- THE COST OF CAPITAL -- THE COST OF EQUITY -- CORPORATE HORIZONS AND THE COST OF CAPITAL -- INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS -- POLICIES THAT REDUCE THE COST OF EQUITY -- CONCLUSIONS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Science and Its Applications: How To Succeed -- THE RESEARCH ENTERPRISE -- EXPLOIT LUCK THROUGH OBSERVATION -- OPTIMIZE CHAOS -- PERSEVERE -- THINK FUNDAMENTALLY -- MOONLIGHT -- BE ARROGANT -- A SEVENTH KEY TO SUCCESS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -- REFERENCES -- Challenges to Agricultural Research in the Twenty-First Century -- TECHNOLOGY, INSTITUTIONS, AND THE ENVIRONMENT -- STRESS ON THE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEM -- BIOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL CONSTRAINTS -- RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS -- PERSPECTIVE -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INNOVATION IN THE CHEMICAL PROCESSING INDUSTRIES -- NOTES -- List of Symposium Participants.

Cities and Their Vital Systems -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Cities and Infrastructure: Synthesis and Perspectives -- REFERENCES -- 2 The Dynamic Characterization of Cities -- EVOLUTION OF A CITY -- COMPARISON OF CITIES -- DATA COLLECTION AND INTERPRETATION -- Statistical Analysis -- Data Presentation and Results -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX A SELECTED STUDY VARIABLES: EXPLANATORY NOTES -- APPENDIX B CHARACTERISTICS OF EIGHT U.S. CITIES (ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES) -- 3 How Cities Grew in the Western World: A Systems Approach -- A DUAL MODEL OF URBAN SYSTEMS: ECONOMIC EXCHANGE AND SPATIAL CONFIGURATIONS -- THE DYNAMICS OF GROWTH AND CHANGE -- IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURES -- REFERENCES -- 4 Urban Systems and Historical Path Dependence -- THE EVOLUTION OF LOCATIONAL PATTERNS: THREE MODELS -- Model I. Pure Necessity: Location under Independent Preferences -- Model 2. Pure Chance: Location by Spin-Off -- Model 3. Chance and Necessity: Location under Agglomeration Economies -- PATH-DEPENDENCE AND CONVEXITY -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 An Economic Model of Urban Growth -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX -- 6 Growth of U.S. Cities and Recent Trends in Urban Real Estate Values -- DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL METROPOLITAN INFRASTRUCTURE -- INFRASTRUCTURE LESSONS FROM GEOGRAPHIC HISTORY -- PAYING FOR INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE NEW SERVICE ECONOMY -- INFRASTRUCTURE AT THE LOCAL SCALE -- HOUSEHOLDS AND HOUSING UNITS IN THE LARGEST CITIES -- Socioeconomic Status of Households -- Stage in the Household Life Cycle -- Race and Ethnicity -- SOCIAL STATUS AND HOUSING VALUE OF NEIGHBORHOODS -- Chicago -- Los Angeles -- New York City -- COMPARING CENTRAL CITY AND METROPOLITAN AREA HOUSING VALUES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Infrastructures for Movement: Past and Future -- METHODOLOGY -- Case 1: The Malthusian Population.

Mastering a New Role -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- TRENDS AND CHALLENGES -- GOALS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS -- Goal: Foster the timely adoption and effective use of commercially valuable technology throughout the U.S. economy -- Goal: Increase civilian R&D investment in the U.S. economy and close emerging gaps in the nation's civilian technology ... -- Goal: Access and exploit foreign technology and high-tech markets more effectively to advance the interests of U.S. citizens -- Goal: Create a strong institutional framework for federal technology policy in support of national e ... -- 1 Background: The Postwar U.S. Technology Enterprise -- FOUR DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE U.S. TECHNOLOGY ENTERPRISE -- The Primacy of Public Missions -- The Priority of Research and Development in Postwar Policy -- The Division of Roles Between the Public and Private Sectors -- The "Nonsystem" of U.S. Science and Technology Policymaking -- THE POSTWAR PERFORMANCE OF THE U.S. TECHNOLOGY ENTERPRISE IN PERSPECTIVE -- NOTES -- 2 The Changing Demands on National Technology Policy and Strategy -- RISING TECHNICAL INTENSITY AND THE REVOLUTION IN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS -- The Rising Technical Intensity of Industries -- The Revolution in Production Systems -- TOWARD A TECHNOLOGICALLY MULTIPOLAR AND INTERDEPENDENT WORLD -- Converging Capabilities in Technology Creation and Commercial Use -- Deepening Economic and Technological Interdependence -- The Internationalization of Technology Development and Diffusion -- THE GEOPOLITICAL PREMIUM ON ECONOMIC STRENGTH -- CONCLUSION: WEAKNESSES EXPOSED -- NOTES -- 3 Strengths and Weaknesses of the U.S. Technology Enterprise -- STRENGTHS OF THE U.S. TECHNOLOGY ENTERPRISE -- A Large, Productive Basic Research Enterprise -- A Large, Sophisticated Domestic Market.

The Competitive Status of the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Summary -- FINDINGS ON THE U.S. COMPETITIVE POSITION -- DETERMINANTS OF NATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE -- OPTIONS FOR AMERICAN POLICY -- Trade Options -- Domestic Economic Options -- Regulatory Options -- 1 Overview of U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry -- EMERGENCE OF THE MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY -- NATURE OF PHARMACEUTICAL COMPETITION -- BENEFITS AND RISKS OF TECHNICAL CHANGE -- OVERVIEW AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY -- NOTES -- 2 Competitive Position of the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry -- RESEARCH -- INNOVATION -- PRODUCTION -- SALES -- STRUCTURE -- TRADE -- SUMMARY -- NOTES -- 3 Determinants of National Pharmaceutical Competitive Advantage -- LABOR COSTS -- MARKET GROWTH -- NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CAPACITY -- GENERAL RELATIVE DECLINE OF U.S. INDUSTRY -- INDUSTRIAL POLICY: REGULATION -- Greater Use of Expert Committees -- Greater Acceptance of Foreign Data -- Less Politicization of Drug Approval Process -- Greater Cooperation between Regulators and Industry -- INDUSTRIAL POLICY: TAXATION -- INDUSTRIAL POLICY: TRADE -- SUMMARY -- NOTES -- 4 New Developments Affecting the Industry -- SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES -- JAPANESE DEVELOPMENTS -- NOTES -- 5 Options for American Industrial Policy -- TRADE OPTIONS -- DOMESTIC ECONOMIC OPTIONS -- REGULATORY OPTIONS -- The IND Process -- Early Clinical Research -- Objectives of Investigational Drug Regulation -- Clinical Development Studies -- Preclearance of Clinical Research -- The NDA Process -- Application of the Standards for Drug Approval -- The NDA Submission and Its Review -- Utilization of Outside Expert Advice -- Application of the Standards for Drug Approval -- FDA Management -- Resources for the New Drug Review Process -- Improving Interactions with Industry.

Technology and Global Industry -- Copyright -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Overview -- PATTERNS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION -- TECHNOLOGY AND THE STRUCTURE OF GLOBAL INDUSTRY -- NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND MARKET-DRIVEN DEPLOYMENT OF WORLD-SCALE TECHNOLOGIES AND INDUSTRIES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Innovation and Industrial Evolution in Manufacturing Industries -- UNIT OF ANALYSIS -- PRODUCT INNOVATIONS -- PROCESS INNOVATIONS -- ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND INNOVATIVE CAPACITY -- TRANSITON FROM RADICAL TO EVOLUTIONARY INNOVATION -- DYNAMICS OF A SET OF COMPETING PRODUCTIVE UNITS -- THE AUTOMOBILE -- COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS -- INNOVATION, ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE, AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- Revitalizing the Manufacture and Design of Mature Global Products -- BLACK & DECKER -- Designing For Manufacture -- The Results Of Double Insulation -- Cost Reductions -- Increased Vertical Integration -- Competitive Performance And Market Share -- Impact On New Product Development -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- APPENDIX COMPETITOR ANALYSIS BY SUNBEAM APPLIANCE COMPANY -- Capturing Value From Technological Innovation: Integration, Strategic Partnering, And Licensing Decisions -- THE PHENOMENON -- PROFITING FROM INNOVATION: BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS -- Regimes Of Appropriability -- The Dominant Design Paradigm -- Complementary Assets -- IMPLICATIONS FOR PROFITABILITY -- Tight Appropriability Regimes -- Loose Appropriability -- Pre-Paradigmatic Phase -- Paradigmatic Stage -- CHANNEL STRATEGY ISSUES -- Contractual Modes -- Integration Modes -- Integration Versus Contract Strategies: An Analytic Summary -- Mixed Modes -- The Cat Scanner And The IBM PC: Insights From The Framework -- IMPLICATIONS FOR R&D STRATEGY, INDUSTRY STRUCTURE, AND TRADE POLICY.

PEOPLE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE WORKPLACE -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Designing For Technological Change: People In The Process -- THE PROBLEM -- LEADERSHIP -- EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT -- TRAINING -- INCENTIVES -- ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE -- TECHNOLOGY -- CONCLUSIONS -- Improving the Development, Acceptance, and Use of New Technology: Organizational and Interorganizational Challenges -- THE NATURE OF INNOVATION: WHAT IS KNOWN -- FOCUS: STRATEGY, RESOURCES, REWARDS -- The Business Mix -- The Activity Mix -- Rewards -- FAST: TOWARD MULTIPLE, SPEEDY INNOVATIONS -- Willingness to Be First -- Channels for New Ideas -- Communication Links -- Dismantling Territorial Rivalries and Status Barriers -- Commitment -- FLEXIBILITY: THE USE OF RESOURCES -- Work Systems -- Desperately Seeking Synergies -- Project Flexibility -- FRIENDLY: INTERORGANIZATIONAL COLLABORATION -- Stimulating New Uses for Technology -- Capability Expansion -- Organization-Spanning Technology -- Bridging" Organizations: Mechanisms for Technology Transfer -- Complexities of Collaboration -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 1 Automated Manufacturing Technologies -- Capitalizing on New Manufacturing Technologies: Current Problems and Emergent Trends in U.S. Industry -- TECHNOLOGY -- SKILLS -- PROCEDURES -- STRUCTURE -- STRATEGY -- CULTURE -- NEW TECHNOLOGY AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE -- REFERENCES -- Design and Implementation of a Process for a Large-Scale System Change at Boeing -- COMPANY OVERVIEW -- A NEW FACILITY: DECISION AND DESIGN -- SOCIO-TECHNICAL SYSTEM -- Design Principles -- Early Implementation -- Labor and Management Cooperation -- LESSONS -- NEXT STEPS -- A Case History of Organizational Change: People and New Technology -- TRADITIONAL APPROACH -- A CONCURRENT APPROACH TO SYSTEM CHANGE -- ORGANIZATIONAL RENEWAL -- A New Shift Schedule -- Individual Performance Appraisals.

Technology in Services -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- CONTENTS -- INTRODUCTION TO SERVICES INDUSTRIES POLICY ISSUES -- SERVICES AND THE DEINDUSTRIALIZATION DEBATE -- THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF SERVICES -- PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN SERVICES -- SERVICES TRADE -- KEY POLICY ISSUES AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE POLICY RESEARCH -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Technology in Services: Past Myths and Future Challenges -- DISPELLING PAST MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT SERVICES -- HOW TECHNOLOGY AFFECTS COMPETITIVE STRUCTURES -- SERVICES TECHNOLOGIES AND THE FUTURE -- Changed Employment Patterns -- Economic and Job Stability -- The Manufacturing-Services Interface -- Changing International Competitive Structures -- Deregulation and Services Innovation -- International Trade Implications -- WHITHER SERVICES? -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- NOTES -- References -- Growth of Services Employment in the United States -- EMPLOYMENT GROWTH IN SERVICES 1972-2000 -- Occupational Employment Changes, Past and Prospective -- Educational Content of Jobs -- Blacks, Hispanics, and Women -- EXPLANATIONS FOR THE RAPID GROWTH OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE SERVICES INDUSTRIES -- Factors in Growth of the Producer-Services Industries -- Growth of the Gross National Product (GNP) -- Final Demand Composition -- Differential Effects -- Business Practices -- The Unbundling Hypothesis -- BROAD OCCUPATIONAL TRENDS, 1977-1986 -- More Detailed Analyses of the 1983-1986 Period -- Industrial Composition, 1983-1986 -- Industry Staffing Patterns, 1983-1986 -- Combining the Three Factors -- Impact on Producer-Services Industries -- Conclusions about Unbundling -- WHY DO BUSINESSES DEMAND MORE PRODUCER SERVICES? -- Economies of Scale in Information -- Specialized Corporate Services -- Government Regulations and Laws -- International Trade -- Resistance to Innovation -- Durability and Commonality.